The Bengal Region

Bengal is a region in the northeastern Indian Subcontinent, defined by the river delta of the Ganges and Brahmaputra Rivers. This rich agricultural land has long supported one of the densest human populations on Earth, despite the danger from floods and cyclones. Today, Bengal is divided between the nation of Bangladesh and the state of West Bengal, India. In the larger context of Asian history, Bengal played a key role in ancient trade routes as well as during the Mongol invasion, British-Russian conflicts, and the spread of Islam to Eastern Asia. Even the distinct language, called Bengali or Bangla — which is an eastern Indo-European language and a linguistic cousin of Sanskrit — spread throughout much of the Middle East, with about 205 million native speakers. Early History The derivation of the word Bengal or  Bangla  is unclear, but it appears to be quite ancient. The most convincing theory is that it comes from the name of the Bang  tribe, Dravidic-speakers who settled the river delta sometime around 1000 B.C. As part of the Magadha region, the early Bengal population shared a passion for arts, sciences, and literature and are credited with the invention of chess as well as the theory that the Earth orbits the Sun. During this time, the main religious influence came from Hinduism and ultimately shaped early politics through the fall of the Magadha era, around 322 B.C. Until the Islamic conquest of 1204 — which placed Bengal under control of the Delhi Sultanate — Hindu remained the regions main religion and through trade with Arab Muslims introduced Islam far earlier to their culture, this new Islamic controlled to the spread of Sufism in Bengal, a practice of mystic Islam which still dominates the regions culture to this day. Independence and Colonialism By 1352, though, the city-states in the region managed to unify again as one nation, Bengal, under its ruler Ilyas Shah. Alongside the Mughal  Empire, the newly founded Bengal Empire served as the subcontinents strongest economic, cultural and trade powers — its sea ports meccas of commerce and exchanges of traditions, art, and literature. In the 16th century, European traders began to arrive at Bengals port cities, bringing with them western religion and customs as well as new goods and services. However, by 1800 the British East India Company controlled the most military power in the region and Bengal fell back to colonial control. Around 1757 to 1765, the central government and military leadership in the region fell to BEIC control. Constant rebellion and political unrest shaped the course of the next 200 years, but Bengal remained — for the most part — under foreign rule until India gained independence in 1947, taking with it West Bengal — which was formed along religious lines and left Bangladesh its own country as well. Current Culture and Economy The modern-day geographic region of Bengal — which encompasses West Bengal in India and Bangladesh —  is primarily an agricultural region, producing such staples as rice, legumes, and high-quality tea. It also exports jute. In Bangladesh, manufacturing is becoming increasingly important to the economy, particularly the garment industry, as are remittances sent home by overseas workers. The Bengali people are divided by religion. Around 70 percent are Muslim due to Islam first being introduced in the 12th century by  Sufi  mystics, who took control of much of the region, at least in terms of shaping government policy and national religion; the remaining 30 percent of the population is mostly  Hindu.

Paradise Of The Blind, By Duong Thu - 1448 Words

In the story of life, time is a ravenous beast, destroying and building regardless and apathetic to whom it affects. An inescapable thing that never dies, but plagues people with its shapes of past, present, and future. In Paradise of the Blind by Duong Thu Huong, Duong doesn’t hold back when exposing the ugly face of the past. Hang, the protagonist, faces poverty, a broken family, and the loss of love from an early age, which force her mature quickly and harshly. Her exposure to such extreme, difficult circumstances and her subsequent adaptation result in her loss of innocence, instilling a bitterness in Hang that taints her. This bitterness - more of a mourning for her own childhood - exposes itself through Hang’s reflections on the†¦show more content†¦Duong’s decision to describe the snowflakes as â€Å"strange flowers† exposes Hang’s attachment to the landscape of her own home, and also the strangeness of this new landscape for her. The word choice of flowers and their connotation of spring provide contrast to the harsh winter. Hang’s simile comparing the snowflakes to a â€Å"luminous† childhood dream juxtaposes the description of them as â€Å"blinding shards† and â€Å"frail†, thus revealing Hang’s opinion of dreams as something rarely obtained. Surely as a child she imagined the best that might have happened, and had such optimistic hopes of what might have been. They are thus associated with sorrow by the simile, reflective of the cruel reality she faced when her dreams were suffocated as a child. The snowy landscape also triggers a more consuming flashback to a time in Hang’s childhood. Duong provides vivid imagery of the beautiful landscape of the bay - â€Å"Clouds floated like puff jade along the horizon, a line broken jagged by solitary rocks.. This endless jade-colored necklace fallen to the earth.† (Duong ) The metaphor comparing the clouds to a jade -colored necklace further emphasizes the landscape’s beauty and richness. The idea of a jade necklace, a material wealthy good, introduces the idea that the natural landscape is a gift, accessible by all. Duong emphasizes this with the subsequent sentiment that â€Å"beauty knows no frontiers, seduces without discrimination† (Duong 83). HangShow MoreRelatedParadise of the Blind Essay1520 Words   |  7 PagesWork in Translation Paradise of the Blind by Duong Thu Huong Final Draft Name: Chung Yee, Lee Candidate number: 003072-225 Year 11 QASMT Teacher: Ms Jennifer Russel Word Count: 1477 Work in Translation Paradise of the Blind by Duong Thu Huong In the novel, Paradise of the Blind, written by Duong Thu Huong originally in Vietnamese and translated into English by Phan Huy Duong and Nina Mcpherson, the author constructs characters Aunt Tam and Uncle Chinh as analogs of conflictingRead MoreHow Does Corruption Affect The Families And The Two Young Female Protagonists Portrayed1257 Words   |  6 PagesHow does corruption affect the families and the two young female protagonists portrayed in Americanah (Chimamanda Ngozie Adichie) and Paradise of the Blind (DÆ °Ã† ¡ng Thu HÆ °Ã† ¡ng)? 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However, the interactive oral discussions have given me a different perspective on the novel and I was able to delve into the subtleties and complexities of Vietnamese culture and some of its key characteristics. We discussed the significance of food within the novel. Prior to theRead MoreAnalysis Of Paradise Of The Blind 1483 Words   |  6 PagesLove in Paradise of the Blind As one explores the novel, Paradise of the Blind, the author Duong Thu Huong shows occurrence of the concept of love throughout her novel by manipulating each character to show this through both their actions and emotions. Although the characters are manipulated by the author to show love, it is the interactions between them that show us the deeper analytical meaning behind their perspectives of love. Thus, the concept of love is prevalent throughout Paradise of theRead MoreA1 MP Nguyen Thu Trang 1013103410 Words   |  14 PagesKinh Do in many fields of products. 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The Hospitality Industry Essay Example Pdf - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 5 Words: 1552 Downloads: 3 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Business Essay Type Review Topics: Communication Essay Did you like this example? INTRODUCTION This paper presents a review of the literature relevant to the topic of intercultural communication in the hospitality industry. It begins with an examination of Brown and Levinsons politeness theory, followed by a critique of Hofstedes five cultural dimensions and Edward Hall and others theories of cultural awareness, concluding with a synthesis of the research on intercultural communication by leading commentators in this field. This analysis thus provides insight into the issues influencing the perception of politeness between the Spanish and English cultures in the hotel workplace. LITERATURE REVIEW 1. Politeness theory In their 1978 and 1987 works on the theory of politeness, Brown and Levinson put forward a rational model of politeness, arguing that individuals across all cultures want to be approved of by others and free from unnecessary constraints, or positive and negative face, respectively (Greene, 1997). In response to their argument that politeness is a universal part of language, Watts (2003) contends that this theory is overly idealistic because it ignores the means by which individuals in society struggle with politeness in their interactions with others. He holds that these features of social interaction are more important than the role of politeness in intercultural communication. Using a practical example of politeness theory, ODowd (2003) conducted primary research examining the interaction of Spanish and English cultures in business situations and found that if participants perceived another person as being interested in descriptions of their own culture, they subsequent ly felt encouraged to communicate more but, if they felt their positive face was threatened by the other person showing a lack of interest in their cultural background, they were more reluctant. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Hospitality Industry Essay Example Pdf" essay for you Create order 2. Hofstedes five dimensions Geert Hofstede describes culture as the collective characteristics of members of one group of people (Hofstede, 2001; Hofstede et al, 2010). His theories search for meaning in the correlation between a countrys cultural indicators and his five dimensions of power distance, uncertainty avoidance, individualism, masculinity and long-term orientation (Vinken et al, 2004). In his most recent work, Hofstede adds a new sixth dimension of culture called indulgence versus restraint and introduces the concept of a moral circle to the debate (Hofstede et al, 2010). In a 1998 article, Hofstede builds on his earlier seminal works (1980; 1991) and further specifies that the main criteria for comparison are values and attitudes, also known as constructs. He acknowledges that there has been much criticism of his methodology of using nations as the units for studying and comparing culture, but nevertheless contents that many nations contain a sufficient amount of comparable aspects. Hof stede suggests that cross-cultural misunderstanding is often based on the dimension of value variation between cultures, with the Spanish having a more group-orientated culture than the English. When an activity is planned by Spanish people, it is much more common to invite a large group than just one or two others, demonstrating collectivism over individualism. In addition, Hofstede suggests that the English not only have a high level of individualism, they exhibit above average masculinity and lower power distance and uncertainty avoidance than the Spanish. 3. Cultural awareness While Hofstedes work provides a useful framework, there is large body of research that explores in more detail the definitions and role of culture and cultural awareness, and it is valuable in the analysis of these cultures in relation to the hospitality industry. Holliday et al (2004:3) describe culture as being a fluid, creative social force which binds different groupings and aspects of behaviour in different ways, and cultural awareness requires a fundamental understanding of this fluidity and how it impacts on various social interactions, particularly intercultural ones. The attitudes and perceptions associated with different national cultures exerts a strong influence on many business situations, including that of English receptionists interacting with Spanish customers, and the studies of cultural awareness by Edward T. Hall illustrate this point further. He describes culture as a hidden force and goes as far as to suggest that culture is synonymous with communicatio n. When an English receptionist communicates with a Spanish customer, it is inevitable that each party will apply their own cultural framework not only in the way they communicate with each other, but in how they perceive the interaction. Other experts reinforce the notion that there are significant barriers to be overcome in terms of intercultural business issues (Larsson and Risberg, 1998). Bennett (1993) for one contends that it is important to be able to distance oneself from ones own cultural backgrounds in order to understand others, and Byram (1997) goes on to suggest that sensitivity to issues such as directness and politeness in language is an essential component of intercultural awareness. These theories can all be applied to help English receptionists and Spanish customers to have greater levels of cultural awareness and sensitivity, thus enhancing the business relationship. 4. Intercultural communication Building on the analysis in the previous sections, Charles (2007) points to the fact that English has become the accepted lingua franca of international business, and this is referred to by others as the built-in bias of the English language (Munshie and McKie, 2001). The hospitality industry is a prime example of this, and it has become accepted practice for customer-facing hotel staff to be able to speak English to come extent, regardless of the country in which the hotel is located. It is much less likely for an English receptionist to speak Spanish, for example. One expert has pointed out that frequently non-verbal communication can be misinterpreted. For example, she says: Normally a handshake is brief but in Spain it may be prolonged for several seconds. This does not show deep personal warmth as it might somewhere else McLaren, 1998:137). And as Welch et al (2005:11) point out, intercultural communication can actually be an irritating reminder of what may be involved in crossing foreign cultures, and managing in a cross-cultural environment. Based on extensive primary research, Charles (2007) recommends that businesses should increase their awareness of the importance of cultural diversity in communication and develop a better understanding of how individuals relate to each other across language and cultural barriers. Another commentator (Verluyten, 1997) has provided evidence of the importance of intercultural training and awareness in this process, the lack of which can lead to disastrous results. CONCLUSIONS This paper has presented a summary of the relevant literature and provided some interesting insights into the role of intercultural communication in the hospitality industry, especially between Spanish and English cultures. For one, an analysis of Hofstede and Brown and Levinson contributes to a better understanding the issues underpinning the differences between these two cultures and the various influences on peoples behaviour, such as politeness and individualism versus collectivism. In particular, the work by Hall and others demonstrates that learning a second language, not just English as is normally the case, is important in todays working environment within the hospitality industry. A lack of cultural awareness especially can lead to barriers of miscommunication. For example, Spanish customers could potentially be seen as rude or overly direct by English receptionists who do not understand the cultural differences. The receptionists therefore often apply their own c ultural background to the interaction and, as a result, expect a sometimes unreasonably high level of politeness. Communication can be significantly improved by efforts to raise intercultural awareness and sensitivity within the hospitality industry. BIBLIOGRAPHY Bennett, M., 1993. Towards ethnorelativism: A development model of intercultural sensitivity. In M. Paige, ed., Education for the Intercultural Experience, pp.21-71. Yarmouth: Intercultural Press. Brown P. and Levinson S., 1978. Universals in language usage: Politeness phenomena. In E. Goody, ed., Questions and Politeness, pp.56-311. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Brown P. and Levinson S., 1987. Politeness: Some Universals in Language Usage. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Byram, M., 1997. Teaching and Assessing Intercultural Communicative Competence. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters. Charles, M., 2007. Language Matters in Global Communication. The Journal of Business Communication, 44(3). p.260. Greene, J.O., ed., 1997. Message Production: Advances in Communication Theory. Mahwah: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Hall, E.T., 1959. The Silent Language. New York: Doubleday. Hofstede, G., 1980. Cultures Consequences: International Differences in Work-R elated Values. Beverly Hills: Sage Publications. Hofstede, G., 1991. Cultures and Organizations: Software of the Mind. New York: McGraw-Hill. Hofstede, G., 1998. A Case for Comparing Apples with Oranges: International Differences in Values. International Journal of Comparative Sociology, 39(1). pp.16-31. Hofstede, G., 2001. Cultures Consequences: Comparing Values, Behaviors, Institutions and Organizations Across Nations, 2nd ed. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications. Hofstede, G., Hofstede, G.J. and Minkov, M., 2010. Cultures and Organizations: Software of the Mind, 3rd ed. New York: McGraw-Hill. Holliday, A., Hyde, M. and Kullman, J., 2004. Intercultural Communication: An Advanced Resource Book. London: Routledge. Larsson, R. and Risberg, A., 1998. Cultural awareness and national versus corporate barriers to acculturation. In M. Gertsen, A-M. Soderberg, and J. E. Torp, eds., Cultural dimensions of international acquisitions, pp.168-196. Berlin: Walther de Gruyter. McLaren, M.C., 1998. Interpreting Cultural Differences: the Challenge of Intercultural Communication. Dereham: Peter Francis Publishers. Munshie, D. and McKie, D., 2001. Toward a New Cartography of Intercultural Communication: Mapping Bias, Business, and Diversity. Business Communication Quarterly, 64(3). p.9. ODowd, R., 2003. Understanding the Other Side: Intercultural Learning in a Spanish-English E-Mail Exchange. Language, Learning Technology, 7(2). p.118. Thomas, D.C. and Inkson, K., 2003. Cultural Intelligence: People skills for global business. San Francisco: Berrett-Koehler. Verluyten, S.P., 1997. Business Communication and Intercultural Communication in Europe: The State of the Art. Business Communication Quarterly, 60(2). p.135. Vinken, H., Soeters, J. and Ester, P., eds., 2004. Comparing Cultures: Dimensions of Culture in a Comparative Perspective. Boston: Brill. Watts, R.J., 2003. Politeness. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Business Forecasting regarding Seasonally Adjusted Sales Statistics Project

Essays on Business Forecasting regarding Seasonally Adjusted Sales Statistics Project The paper â€Å"Business Forecasting regarding Seasonally Adjusted Sales" is a  worthy example of a statistics project on finance accounting. Exponential smoothing is a moving average technique used in the analysis of time-series data as well in forecasting. We chose the best exponential models where recent collect data have more weight in making a prediction as compared to the older observation, we consider several factors like in this case where we have to consider whether the data is significantly influenced by a seasonal factor as well as trend. Secondly, we have to consider whether the data has a linear trend and lastly whether the time series problem is stationary.In this case, the most suitable is the triple exponential smoothing (winters) due to the reason that sales are seasonal and also the sales in which the trend is being investigated are not stationary. In addition, to this in order to ascertain the smoothing contract, we will use the mean of the squared deviation of the forecasted values and the actual sales. In this case, we will calculate the mean of the squared sum of errors  (Jensen Bard, 2003).In using the winter s method the following Alpha =0.3, Beta = 0.7 was used. These coefficients were obtained through the trial and error method with a minimum error of 0.04 and a maximum error of 1.95.Forecasted sales for the period of jan2011 to December 2011,d) ReportIn order to ensure stability in the earnings of the firm, the management has a tendency of predicting the sales by use of times data available and this data is used in forecasting the future situation in the firm. In a motive to ensure that the sales of the organizations are maximized the firm decided to carry exponential smoothing of the sales forecasted bay applying the various methods like Double exponential (Browns), Double exponential ( Holts), single exponential smoothing, ARIMA model and the triple exponential smoothing.  After careful analysis and consideration, the manag ement decided to use the triple exponential method by winter. This was due to the reason the time series data concerned was seasonal in nature that sales vary with seasons. This method has a high level of accuracy, whereby it has to mean standard deviation is about 22.22 this showcase that this method is significantly feasible.From the above discussion, an MSD 22.22 shows that the level of risk is minimum thus there method is sufficient in the prediction process. The winter’s method will predict sales of the twelve months with an accuracy of 88%, but through the prediction, the management is likely to face the following problems; validation of alpha value, the value was obtained from trial and error method this method is not significantly valid. Second, the prediction values are based on historical data which might not reflect the present situation in the market.The forecast data will help in planning since the sales forecast will be used to calculate the market share that th e company will control, thus if the company wishes to increase its market share the management will undertake an action that will lead to widening the market that firm sells its product. The forecasted sales will also help in determining the profitability of the firm in the future.Although there were variations between the actual sales and predicted then these have been caused by normal sampling errors, random influences, and situations where future sales turn out to be radically different from the past.   Although this method is faced by the trail method in establishing the alpha and it also very complicated analysts expect the answers to be statistically feasible.In conclusion, there is a need for forecasting to be used as a tool in planning since it gives a representation of future earnings of the firm thus it can be of help in plan formulation since it provides information that is almost true.

Externalities, Pollution and Global Warming Free Essays

Topic 4: Externalities, Pollution and Global Warming ECON 1210B Economics and Society 1 Introduction Recall: Markets are usually a good way to organize economic activity In the absence of market failures, the market outcome is efficient, maximizes total surplus One major type of market failure: externalities Externality: the uncompensated impact of one person’s actions on the well-being of a bystander 2 Externalities and Efficiency In the presence of externality, market equilibrium is no longer efficient Individual’s estimates of resources value (or cost) are not correct (from the society’s point of view) Traditional belief: Government to step in to ensure efficient resource allocation And to protect the interest of bystanders as well 3 Negative Externality Negative Externality: the effect on bystanders is adverse Example: the neighbor’s barking dog talking on cell phone while driving makes the roads less safe for others health risk to others from second-hand smoke noise pollution from construction projects 4 Pollution: A Negative Externality Firms burn huge quantities of fossil fuels (coal, natural gas, oil) that cause acid rain and global warming Firms dump toxic waste into rivers, lakes, and oceans These environmental issues are simultaneously everybody’s problem and nobody’s problem 5 Pollution: A Negative Externality Example of negative externality: Air pollution from factory Firm does not bear the full cost of its production, so will produce more than the socially efficient quantity How govt may improve the market outcome: Impose a corrective tax on the firm equal to the external cost of the pollution it generates 6 Recap of Welfare Economics P $5 4 3 $2. 50 2 1 0 The market for gasoline The market eqm maximizes consumer + producer surplus. Supply curve shows private cost, the costs directly incurred by sellers Demand curve shows private value, the value to buyers (the prices they are willing to pay) 0 10 20 25 30 Q (gallons) 7 Analysis of a Negative Externality Key: distinguish private and social costs Private costs and social costs diverge in the presence of externality Producer concerns private cost, which neglect the external cost (pollution cost) Social cost represents the resource cost to a society social cost = private cost + external cost 8 Analysis of a Negative Externality P $5 4 3 2 1 0 The market for gasoline Social cost =private+ external cost external cost 0 External cost = value of the negative impact on bystanders = $1 per gallon (value of harm Supply (private cost) from smog, greenhouse gases) 10 20 30 Q (gallons) 9 Analysis of a Negative Externality P $5 4 3 2 D 1 0 The market for gasoline Social cost S The socially The socially optimal quantity optimal quantity is 20 gallons. We will write a custom essay sample on Externalities, Pollution and Global Warming or any similar topic only for you Order Now is 20 gallons. At any Q 20, At any Q 20, value of additional gas value of additional gas exceeds social cost exceeds social cost At any Q 20, At any Q 20, social cost of the social cost of the last gallon is last gallon is greater than its value greater than its value 10 0 10 20 25 30 Q (gallons) Analysis of a Negative Externality P $5 4 3 2 D 1 0 The market for gasoline Mkt eqm (Q = 25) Social cost is greater than social optimum S (Q = 20) overproduction resulted in DWL (red triangle) One solution: impose a corrective tax of $1/gallon on sellers, shift supply curve up $1 11 0 10 20 25 30 Q (gallons) Internalizing the Externality Internalizing the externality: altering incentives so that people take account of the external effects of their actions previous example: $1/gallon tax on sellers makes sellers’ costs equal to social costs When market participants must pay social costs, the market eqm matches the social optimum. Imposing the tax on buyers would achieve the same outcome: market Q will equal optimal Q 12 Summary For Pollution: A Negative Externality With negative externality, QMarket QSocial Optium firms over-produce (DWL exist) Remedy: The government can internalize the externality by imposing corrective tax Price tax S’ S Q = Qmarket = initial eqm Q’ = QSocial Optium = eqm after tax D Q’ Q Quantity 13 Externality in Consumption Consumption of alcohol, tobacco, and gasoline (private driving) all create negative externality to the society Got impose a heavy corrective tax on these goods to alter the incentives of customers, in order to mitigate of negative externality 14 Corrective Tax Rate (Levy / Charges) in HK Alcohol: 100% tax rate for alcohol with strength of more than 30% by volume Cigarettes: $1. 7 / each cigarette, tax for a pack of 20-stick cigarettes = $34 70% of the selling price of $50 / pack Leaded petrol: $6. 823/ litre, unleaded petrol: $6. 6/ litre About 40% of the selling price of each litre of gasoline 15 Example: Gasoline Tax Targets 3 Negative Externalities Congestion: the more you drive, the more you contribute to congestion Accidents: larger vehicles cause more damage in an accident Pollution: burning fossil fuels produces greenhouse gases 16 Case Study: Environmental Levy on Plastic Shopping Bags in HK Survey indicates that some 8 billion (8,000,000,000) plastic shopping bags are disposed of at landfills every year in HK This translates into more than 3 plastic shopping bags per person per day, which apparently go beyond our needs 7 Case Study: Environmental Levy on Plastic Shopping Bags in HK Address the problem of abuse, gov introduced an levy of $0. 5 HKD on each plastic shopping bag at the retail level Estimated negative externality of each plastic bag = ? 18 Positive Externality Positive Externality: the effect on bystanders is beneficial Example: When you get a flu vaccination, everyone you come into contact with benefits Research and Development (RD) creates knowledge others can use Renovating your house increases neighboring property values Restores of historical building 19 Positive Externalities from Education A more educated population benefits society: lower crime rates: educated people have more opportunities, so less likely to rob and steal better government: educated people make better-informed voters People do not consider these external benefits when deciding how much education to â€Å"purchase† 20 Positive Externalities from Education Result: market eqm Q of education too low How govt may improve the market outcome: subsidize cost of education In the presence of a positive externality, the social value of a good includes private value: the direct value to buyers external benefit: the value of the positive impact on bystanders 21 Analysis of a positive externality P The market for flu shots $50 40 30 20 10 0 0 10 20 30 S D External benefit = $10/shot Draw the social value curve. Find the socially optimal Q. What policy would internalize this externality? Q 22 Analysis of a positive externality P The market for flu shots $50 40 30 20 10 0 0 10 20 25 30 external benefit S Mkt eqm Q = 20 Social optimal Q = 25 underproduction resulted in DWL (red triangle) Social value = private value + external benefit D To internalize the externality, use Q subsidy = $10/shot. 23 Case Study: Innovation and Technology Policy in HK Should government subsidize high tech companies? Pros: Spillover effects International competitiveness Cons: Potential misallocation of public resource Potential problems of unfairness corruption 24 Case Study: Innovation and Technology Policy in HK Eg: Cyberport IT project? 25 Summary: Corrective Tax and Subsidy to Deal With Externalities If negative externality market produces a larger quantity than is socially desirable If positive externality market produces a smaller quantity than is socially desirable 6 Summary: Corrective Tax and Subsidy to Deal With Externalities remedy the problem: â€Å"internalize the externality† tax goods with negative externalities ideal corrective tax = external cost subsidize goods with positive externalities ideal corrective subsidy = external benefit 27 Private Solutions to Externalities? Government intervention is always controversial Major concerns of government intervention include fairne ss and efficiency The market does develop some possible solutions to externality over time 28 Private Solutions to Externalities? Social norms / moral codes Eg: littering Mergers Eg: MTR as a property developer Contracts between market participants and the affected bystanders However: If an externality affects many people, contract negotiation is virtually impossible 29 Public Policies Toward Negative Externalities Market-based policies provide incentives so that private decisionmakers will choose to solve the problem on their own Corrective Tax Tradable Pollution Permits 30 Public Policies Toward Negative Externalities Command-and-control policies: Regulation regulate behavior directly. Examples: limits on quantity of pollution emitted requirements that firms adopt a particular technology to reduce emissions 31 Policy Option: Example â€Å"Ace Electric† and â€Å"Billy Power† both are running coal-burning power plants Each emits 40 tons of sulfur dioxide per month SO2 causes acid rain other health issues Policy goal: reducing SO2 emissions 25% to 60 tons/month 32 Policy Option: Regulation Vs Corrective Tax Policy options 1. regulation: require each plant to cut emissions by 25% 2. corrective tax: make each plant pay a tax on each ton of SO2 emissions. Set tax at level that achieves goal. 33 Policy Option: Regulation Vs Corrective Tax Under Policy option 1, regulation, firms have no incentive to reduce emissions beyond the 25% target Suppose cost of reducing emissions is lower for â€Å"Ace Electric† than for â€Å"Billy Power† Socially efficient outcome: â€Å"Ace Electric† reduces emissions more than â€Å"Billy Power† 34 Policy Option: Regulation Vs Corrective Tax Corrective tax is a price on the right to pollute Under policy option 2, tax on emissions gives firms incentive to continue reducing emissions as long as cost of doing so is less than the tax If a cleaner technology available, tax gives firms incentive to adopt it Tax payment is money! So, corrective taxes enhance efficiency by aligning private with social incentives 35 Policy Option: Tradable Pollution Permits Recall: â€Å"Ace Electric† and â€Å"Billy Power† each emit 40 tons SO2, total of 80 tons. Goal: reduce 25% emissions to 60 tons/month Policy option 3: Tradable Pollution Permits issue 60 permits, each allows its holder to emit one ton of SO2 give 30 permits to each firm establish market for trading permits 36 Policy Option: Tradable Pollution Permits Each firm can choose among these options: emit 30 tons of SO2, using all its permits emit 30 tons, sell unused permits buy additional permits so it can emit 30 tons 37 Policy Option: Tradable Pollution Permits A system of tradable pollution permits achieves goal at lower cost than regulation Firms with low cost of reducing pollution (Ace Electric) sell whatever permits they can Firms with high cost of reducing pollution (Billy Power) buy permits Result: incentive to reduce pollution: permit = money 38 Tradable Pollution Permits in the Real World Emission of greenhouse gases causes the global warming The primary greenhouse gas in the atmosphere is the emission of carbon dioxide Carbon emissions trading is a form of emissions trading that specifically targets carbon dioxide 39 Tradable Pollution Permits in the Real World Carbon emissions permits traded in Europe since January 1, 2005 Recall: permit = money Firms will have strong incentive to reduce carbon emissions 40 How to cite Externalities, Pollution and Global Warming, Papers

The Practices I Conquer free essay sample

The practices I conquer that very day relinquish any fears I had achieving my goals. I gaze into the sky that lay before me as I walked towards the door. My heart pounded dangerously the door opened with sweat running down my face and the cashier stared at me as if I was crazy. She did not know this was war between the mountain and me. I paid the cashier and got my harness and shoes. I made my way through the marshmallow like surface sticky and impossible to walk through. I maneuver towards the big mountain I reach for the hook than locked myself in. The first step reminded me walking into the parking lot of the college right than I knew that where my journey had begun. It was like yesterday my aunt , mom and I made my way through the gargantuan parking lot To the admission building my hands became sweaty as I waited for the tour guide to direct us towards the other applicants . We will write a custom essay sample on The Practices I Conquer or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page I took my first step up the mountain the hard rock sticking out the mountain reminded me of the Horace Mann building. It made me realize my passion for helping other I can give great wisdom and inspire a devoted student. I can only hope to be a part of this school so I can fulfill my dream of becoming a counselor. As I continue to climb up the mountain toward a school with great academic achievement a school where I feel I belong. Going to this school encourage me to exceed. Therefore I will be able to give inspiration to other like the time I inspired my friend to chase her dreams . I took step after step up the mountain and the Finish line was near the anticipation grew as I took my last step I made my way to the top. A victory i achieve through my endurance and humility something I had learn from my practice of Tae Kwon Do to never give up and to prevail . There for I hope I’ll will make my way back to the parking lot as a freshmen.

E-Commerce security free essay sample

Chinas drone development program. The government and military are striving to put China at the forefront of drone manufacturing, for their own use and for export, and have made an all-out push to gather domestic and international technology to support the rogram. (NY Times, 09/20/2013, Edward Wong) The example mentioned above is one of the simplest attacks on US industrial data. There were major attacks like: breaching the Pentagon data and obtaining important information about US military secrets. The US government established departments called cyber-police; their main job is to fight against cyber-crimes. For example, these people can be from police department or governments secret service agencies. Cyber police catch hackers, people who steal identity on the internet, child predators and many more. Also, law nforcement agencies work with giant computer manufacturing companies to fght against cybercrime. For instance, Microsoft employees, accompanied by United States marshals, raided two nondescript office buildings in Pennsylvania and Illinois on Friday, aiming to disrupt one of the most pernicious forms of online crime today † botnets, or groups of computers that help harvest bank account passwords and other personal information from millions of other computers. We will write a custom essay sample on E-Commerce security or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page (The Times Nick Wingfield and Nicole Perlroth, 03/26/12. ) Cyber policing is not only in the US but also all over he world where the internet is available. For example, The Metropolitan Police Cyber Crime Unit has arrested three men over their involvement in a El . 3m cyber raid on a Barclays bank branch in London. The Met confirmed charging 38-year-old Adam Jefferson, 24-year-old Duane Jean-Jaque and 25-year-old Lanre Mullins-Abudu for conspiracy to steal. The police also confirmed Jean-Jaque is a former Barclays employee. All three have been bailed and are scheduled to appear at Westminster Magistrates Court on 15 October. (v3. co. uk, Alastair Stevenson, 10/11/13) If I had a hance, I would seek employment at a cyber-police unit, because they enable people safe surfing on the internet. Their Job mainly consists of searching possible criminals or breaching suspected websites and getting datas from these websites. If they find something that affects US citizens or US government, they immediately let their fellow law enforcement agents know. Moreover, cyber-police prevents many crimes like cyber cyber stalking is threatening behavior or unwanted advances directed at another using the Internet and other forms of online and computer communications. Cyber ullying is similar to cyber stalking but draws its distinction through demographics.